Toenail abnormalities can be caused by a number of things, but they are frequently caused by a fungal infection. Fungal spores get on the feet and can get past the skin through tiny cuts and scratches. They often get in when they lodge under the toenail and find themselves in a warm moist environment. They begin to grow there, and soon make their way under the toenail. Ingrown toenails, hangnails and any other injury to the skin around the nail also allow fungi to get in under the nail.

It follows, then, that to avoid toenail problems, you should look after your feet more carefully than most of us do. Wash your feet frequently, dry them carefully, and give them lots of fresh air. Though some people believe that always wearing shoes is a good way to avoid foot problems and toenail abnormalities, the opposite may be true: as long as there is minimal risk of foot injury, bare feet are probably the happiest feet. Do use common sense, however, and wear shoes whenever there is a risk of injury, and in public places.

Pay attention to your shoes as well - toenail abnormalities can result from a shoe that doesn't fit properly, or doesn't protect the toenails from injury, and the warm, and sometimes damp environment in an enclosed shoe is ideal for the survival of fungal spores. As well, toenail disease can recur if fungal spores remain in the shoes after you have had treatment for your toenail problems. Dusting shoes with an antifungal powder can help avoid picking up spores that way. It should be obvious that buying second hand shoes, or wearing shoes that have been worn by someone else presents a risk for picking up a fungal toenail infection.

Treatment of toenail disease depends on what is causing the toenail abnormalities. When fungus is the cause, treatment depends on applying an antifungal substance to the affected nails, or taking some antifungal agent by mouth. Most prescription drugs for fungal toenail problems are oral medications, while most home remedies and natural treatments are topical remedies, though there are exceptions in both groups. None work 100 percent of the time, but many seem to provide good results for some people. Successful treatment of fungal toenail abnormalities depends on a correct diagnosis and conscientious adherence to instructions for treatment, regardless of which treatment is chosen.